Deskripsieng
(Figs 4 a, 5 a, 6 a, b, d, e, 7 a, 8 a, 9 a, 10 a, b, c, 12 a, b, e, 13 a – g, 16 a, d, 18 a)
Sumber: Descriptions of larvae of four mainly DNA barcode-matched species of chlorocyphids from south-east Asia (Odonata: Chlorocyphidae) with notes on the generic and species level larval identification of Oriental region members of the family.
Deskripsieng
Head: in dorsal view rounded pentagonal, ca 5 / 6 th as long as broad, with occipital hind margin deeply excavated, producing overall sagittate outline (Fig. 5 a), frontoclypeus smooth. Antennae 7 - segmented (Fig. 5 a); scape long and thick, about 2 / 5 th length of entire antenna with basal and apical markings, bearing short fine, curved setae, often recurved to touch integument (Fig. 6 b), which create a warty appearance when wet (but not submerged) as they trap droplets of fluid held by surface tension; pedicel with distinct dark mark on apex; bearing sparse long setae; remaining segments thin and pale. Labrum (Fig. 6 a) broadly curved with distinct dorsal and ventral parts, the latter boomerang shaped, the two parts meeting along thickened anterior ridge bearing small tubercles laterally; ventral part with median row of 12 – 13 ventrally directed strong setae, forming distinctive ‘ moustache’, patches of shorter setae mid-ventrally and tufts of long fine setae towards corners; entire labrum forms a curved cavity into which anterior half of mandibles fit on either side. Vertex with three smooth swellings representing ocelli; eyes irregularly trapezoidal and prominent occupying outer 1 / 3 rd of lateral part of head but compound facets restricted to two small globular areas at the outer corners, clearly demarked by an anterior groove (Figs 5 a, 7 a); postocular lobes with prominent dorsolateral tubercle anterior to the posterior corner. Dorsal surface of head, excluding vertex scattered with small sparse low warty structures extending even onto inner marginal areas of eyes; antennal sockets swollen, with sparse long, fine setae laterally. Ventrally, genae bear a cluster of short heavy subocular spines, with one strong row dorsally, the anterior 2 – 3 acuminate, the remainder rounded, and below this a sparse irregular scattering of shorter rounded tubercles clearly visible in lateral and ventral view (Fig. 7 a); postocular lobes with ventrolateral cluster of weakly developed spines and setae; strong ventral spur at margin of gena and occiput. Mask long and thin, articulation resting between anterior part of coxae of mesothorax (Fig. 8 a); prementum narrow basally, gradually flared anteriorly with margins of anterior half weakly convex; lateral margins with sparse fine setae on distal 2 / 3 rd (Fig. 9 a) anterior median lobe weakly convex with coarsely serrate margins; median cleft open and moderately deep with small nearly circular aperture at base (Fig. 10 a); Lobe of labial palp bifid (Figs 10 a – c), with dorsal process a long claw bearing secondary dorsal hook and ventral process a shorter claw with small interior beak like process; inner margin of lobe with fine sparse denticulations evident even on the inner process; movable hook stout, moderately long and curved especially in apical half. Maxillae as shown (Figs 12 a – b, 12 e); galeolacinea with four long strong teeth towards apex curved orally; apical tooth with row of three inner broad-based supplementary denticles (Fig. 12 e), basal pair partially fused at base, longest one apicad; row of ca 5 strong setae along low ridge aligned with apical tooth; long fine setae present on internal margin of galeolacinea; palp tapering, not reaching tip of apical tooth, bearing long strong setae in all outward directions. Mandibles (Figs 13 a – f) — both left and right with five distinct teeth on incisor visible in external view (Figs 13 a, b); in inner view (Fig. 13 c) right incisor lobe with four long teeth and one shorter one between fourth and fifth one ventrally and small supplementary tooth basal to strong ventral tooth; molar crest a low swelling with two small nipple-like points, lightly sclerotised (Fig. 13 c, e); left incisor (Fig. 13 d, f) with six teeth, the third from the dorsal being vestigial and only visible on inner face, pronounced gap between first and second teeth from ventral; molar crest bearing strong rounded cupped blade (Fig. 13 d) with nine minute denticles along roughly straight distal margin (Fig. 13 g). Single strong seta at exterior basal corner on each mandible (Fig. 13 d), not always visible, depending on angle of view. Thorax: prothorax saddle-shaped with narrow flange anteriorly fitted into occipital margin; dorsum with transverse central groove; two pairs of prominent broad tubercles, a central pair just behind groove and a lateral pair posterior to these and close to ends of posterior flange that curves broadly around posterior margin (Fig. 5 a). Propleura swollen with small anterior ventral truncated spur, well ahead of coxae. Remainer of thorax with shallow grooves and bulges; entire dorsum of thorax with sparse fine warty texture, as on head, and with sparse long, fine setae collapsed in preserved specimens. Marking (not illustrated on body) variable and mottled but always with broad pale band pale between two anterior tubercles on prothorax. Wing sheaths slightly spatulate, not completely obscuring abdomen at sides, forewing reaching to end of S 4, hindwing to 3 / 4 along S 5 (Fig. 4 a). Legs long and thin, metafemur reaching end of S 7; femora all with three distinct evenly spaced dark bands on ochreous ground colour, with tiny dark mark at base sometimes also on trochanter; all femora with anterior ridge bearing very small outward directed spines, some bearing setae, and sparse fine setae towards tibial joint, some quite long; tibiae unmarked or with single basal darker band, with fairly sparse setae, mainly fine and straight but some stronger and curled, longer denser ventral patch of straight setae apically; tarsus (Figs 6 d, e) bearing two rows each of ca 25 strong, tapering pectinate setae (Fig. 6 e). Tarsal claws simple. Abdomen: squat, mainly dark with well-defined pale narrow middorsal stripe (not figured). Laterally with patches of small spine like setae and mixture of curved and fine long setae; each segment from S 4 with submarginal row of small ventral spines; ventrolateral margin of S 9 with 4 – 5 strong, long spines intermingled with 4 – 5 smaller spines partly placed a little above margin and four strong spines along ventral margin; S 10 hind-margin with 4 strong rearward pointing ventrolateral spines and 3 long spines extending to lateral hind-margins, smaller spines along ventral hind margin and on venter (Figs 16 a, d). Outer female gonapophyses arising from base of S 9 and extending well beyond hind margin of S 10 (Fig. 16 a), ventral margin with series of sparse heavy spines and terminating in a single long heavy spine deflected ventrally in lateral view (Fig. 16 d); inner apophyses smooth, curved smoothly upward to a rounded point extending well beyond outer apophyses and epiproct. Male gonapophyses unknown. Epiproct, short, subconical, in shape of elongated onion dome. Caudal spikes long, about 55 % body length, broad basally and from just before midpoint tapered gradually and smoothly to a sharp point (Fig. 18 a); bearing numerous backwardly curved strong sharp spines, heavy setae, and also long fine setae too entangled to assess accurately. Measurements (in mm): body length excluding antennae, caudal appendages and spikes 11.8; lateral caudal spikes 6.5; head width 2.7; prementum 2.65; palpal lobe (to tip of dorsal branch) 0.85; movable hook 0.72; maxillae base to distal hook of galeolacinea (1.24), maxillary palp (0.54); mandibles long axis (0.85); antenna 1.70, 0.65, 0.70, 0.50, 0.28, 0.19, 0.10 (total 4.11). Variation: outwardly no noticeable variation, other than minor differences in the mottling on the head, in the numbers of large setae in the ‘ moustache’ of the labrum, and in the number of spines present on S 9 and S 10, was evident in the two female specimens examined. The unusual dentition of the mandibles differed slightly in the two specimens examined in that in the second specimen (not illustrated) the vestigial inner tooth at the base of the 2 nd and 3 rd incisor teeth from the dorsal is minute, no more than 15 μm long. No significant differences were evident in the male specimen photographed in some detail by POMS; no image was made of the gonapophyses hence these cannot be described, but they are unlikely to present useful diagnostic characters.
