Simias concolor

Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix I. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List, including both subspecies. The Pig-tailed Langur is protected by Indonesian law. They are remarkably little known or studied; indeed, up until the late 1970 s, they had not even been photographed. They are threatened mainly by hunting for meat, commercial logging, conversion of their habitat into oil palm plantations, and forest clearing by local people. While all Mentawai primates are hunted, Pig-tailed Langurs are preferred prey in all areas. Recently, hunting has increased because of improved access to remote areas due to logging roads and tracks, replacement of bows and arrows with rifles, and changes in local rituals and taboos that formerly regulated hunting. Pig-tailed Langurs are sometimes taken for the pet trade, but they rarely, if ever, thrive. They are also occasionally poisoned as agricultural pests. All of these factors have resulted in a significant decline in their numbers and even their total elimination on some islands that they formerly occupied. The Siberut Pig-tailed Langur has the largest remaining population of 6000 - 15,500 individuals, estimated in 2006. The Pagai Pig-tailed Languris in urgent need of protective measures, with a total population estimated at just 700 - 1800 in 2006. The most recent estimate of total population size for the Pig-tailed Langur was 6700 - 17,300 in 2006, representing a decline of 73 - 90 % since a 1994 estimate. It is known to occur in only one protected area (Siberut National Park), butit also occurs in the proposed Betumonga Research Area on North Pagai (recently reported to have been logged over). It is found at its highest density in the Peleonan Forest in northern Siberut, which, as of 2011, is protected on a short-term basis by local agreements to exclude logging concessions. In 2006, the following conservation actions were suggested: increased protection for Siberut National Park, which currently lacks enforcement; formal protection of the Peleonan Forest in North Siberut, which has an unusually large primate population and is easily accessible; protection of areas in the Pagai Islands by cooperating with a logging corporation that has practiced sustainable logging techniques since 1971; conservation education, especially regarding hunting; and the development of alternative economic models for local people to reduce the likelihood of them selling off their lands to logging companies.

Sumber: Cercopithecidae

Descriptive notes. Head — body 49 - 55 cm (males) and 46 - 52 cm (females), tail ¢. 16 cm (males) and c. 14 cm (females); weight 8.5 - 8.8 kg (males) and 7.7 - 2 kg (females). Male Pig-tailed Langursare larger and ¢. 30 % heavier than females, with canines ¢. 95 % longer in males than females. In both subspecies, there are two distinct color morphs. The first, more common, morph is dark grayish-black, with some agouti banding on anterior parts of the body, a white penal tuft, and a lighter-colored crown. The second morph is a pale buff color; it is somewhat uncommon on Siberut (c. 33 % of observed individuals in central and southern Siberut and only ¢. 5 % in northern Siberut) and extremely rare on the Pagai Islands. Both color morphs have white cheek patches and black on face, hands, and feet. The “ Pagai Pig-tailed Langur ” (S. c. concolor) is less dark, more brownish-toned, than the “ Siberut Pig-tailed Langur ” (S. ¢. siberu). White cheeks on the Siberut Pig-tailed Langur are more conspicuous than on the Pagai Pig-tailed Langur, and its black color (in the dark morph) has more banding on anterior parts. Fur on crown is directed backward, except for a pair of sideways-facing ear tufts. Nasal bone is elongated, but nose itself is snubbed and upturned. Tail is short, upturned, curly, and mostly hairless. The Pig-tailed Languris the only colobine with a short tail. Buttock pads of males are joined in the midline, but they are separated by the urogenital triangle in females. Unlike any other Asian colobine, female Pig-tailed Langurs exhibit sexual swellings, with the urogenital triangle swelling prominently during receptive periods of the menstrual cycle. Front and hind limbs are roughly equal length. Pig-tailed Langurs have a powerful odor.

Sumber: Cercopithecidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S. c. concolorG. S. Miller, 1903 — MentawaiIs (Sipora, NorthPagai, SouthPagaiIs, andnearbyIsofSimalegu, Simatapi, andSinakak); onlyprimateonSimaleguandSimatapi. S. c. stberu Chasen & Kloss, 1928 — Mentawai Is (Siberut I).

Sumber: Cercopithecidae

Conservation: CITES – Appendix I and U. S. ESA – Endangered as Nasalis concolor; IUCN – Endangered as S. c. concolor and S. c. siberu.

Sumber: Order Primates