Xylocopa sonorina

<p>Presumed native to the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico (Mawdsley 2017), and introduced to the Hawaiian Islands, French Polynesia, Samoan Islands, Java, New Zealand and likely other south Pacific islands, the Marianas Islands, and now Canada.</p>

Sumber: Xylocopa sonorina Smith, 1874 from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Xylocopinae) with comments on its taxonomy

(Figs. 86 – 93, 126 – 128, 139)

Sumber: Revision of carpenter bees of the subgenus Neoxylocopa Michener (Hymenoptera: Apidae) from Mexico and Mesoamerica

Description: Female: Integument and pubescence mostly black; wings copper with some purple, or totally purple iridescence (Fig. 89). Clypeus, genal area (Fig. 86), and vertex with densely punctate; between the parapsidal line and discal area dense punctate, separated by one to one and a half times their diameter; terga densely punctate. Body length 22.28 mm (21.27 – 24.10; n = 5); length of forewing 19.25 mm (18.87 – 19.68; n = 5); head length 5.44 mm (5.22 – 5.71; n = 5); intertegular distance 6.77 mm (6.15 – 7.18; n = 5); width of T 2 10.04 mm (9.65 – 10.30; n = 5). Head: Clypeus: lower margin unpunctate, submargin anterior defined by two depressions, with dense punctures on upper sublateral, and inferolateral areas; discal area of clypeus with punctures separated by one and a half to two times their diameter. Genal area densely punctate on lower area, middle and upper area with punctures separated by one and a half to three times their diameter (Fig. 86). Vertex densely punctate, similar in size to those present on clypeus. Pits in area sublateral to the posterior ocelli half their diameter of the ocelli. Mesosoma: Between the parapsidal line and discal area with dense punctures, separated by a distance of one to two times their diameter. Metasoma: T 1 with densely punctate; T 2 to T 5 with densely punctate on discal area, separated by one to two times their diameter; T 6 with dense appressed punctures. Length of hairs on terga respect MOD as follows: T 2 0.28 – 0.52, T 3 0.47 – 0.86, T 4 0.59 – 1.03, T 5 0.52 – 1.14. Male: Integument and pubescence usually yellowish to orange. Clypeus with a brown light to dark middle longitudinal line up to the lower margin (Fig. 90). Wings light brown or orange; venation reddish brown. Body length 23.32 mm (21.27 – 25.40; n = 5); length of forewing 18.47 mm (17.41 – 19.49; n = 5); head length 4.14 mm (3.97 – 4.50; n = 5); intertegular distance 6.35 mm (5.87 – 6.85; n = 5); width of T 2 10.44 mm (9.97 – 11.52; n = 5). Head: Labrum: anterior margin unpunctate; triangular shaped of middle region unpunctate, rest of labrum with dense punctures. Clypeus with a wide middle longitudinal line unpunctate, discal area with few punctures, lateral and inferolateral areas with scattered punctures, separated by two or more times their diameter; area unpunctate sublateral posterior to the posterior ocelli, one fourth the diameter of the ocelli; pits on sublateral area of posterior ocelli 1 / 4 the diameter of the ocelli. Vertex with an area without punctures on the middle region; rest of vertex with dense punctures; lateral ocelli to the same level as the upper margin of the eyes. Mesosoma: Between the parapsidal line and the discal area with dense appressed punctures. Hind tibia, internal distal extreme with a prominent subapical projection with curved distal extreme, with elevated rounded margin defining a concave area, with an elevated margin that continues to the middle region of the tibia, posterior margin also with narrow (carinated) edge; internal surface with few long hairs on the basal region; anterior margin with long hairs, denser toward the apical region; internal posterior margin with shorter pubescence; long hairs not dense, and short equallength hairs forming a line a modo de well defined pecten. Something similar but less defined occurs in X. griswoldi sp nov; (Fig. 93). Metasoma: T 1 with dense, long, plumose hairs, T 2 with some plumose hairs on discal and ssubmarginal area, T 3 to T 5 with some simple hairs, T 6 and T 7 with dense, simple and plumose hairs. Length of hairs on terga respect MOD as follows: T 2 0.67 – 1.32, T 3 0.86 – 1.29, T 4 0.67 – 1.71, T 5 1.22 – 2.31. Genitalia: Distal angle of the ventral section of the gonostylus, obtuse (Fig. 128); basal angle at the base of lateral process of the gonostylus, obtuse (Fig. 127); tip of the lateral process ending on an oval as broad as shaft of the process (Fig. 127). Variation. Throughout the distribution present variation in wing color. Specimens of the United States and northern Mexico present copper or somewhat violet wings; specimens of central Mexico may have wings with violet iridescence. The specimens from Oaxaca present pubescence a bit longer on discal area of the terga. Specimens with wings with violet iridescence may be confused with the species X. griswoldi sp. nov. but it can be distinguished by its disjunct distribution (See figs. 137 and 139).