Hoplobatrachus tigerinus

This is the largest frog of Terai region. Yellow colored breeding males were frequently observed in puddles during monsoon (Fig. 5).

Sumber: Amphibians and reptiles of Parsa National Park, Nepal

(Fig 4 I) Specimens examined: one adult male (WIIAD 228). Morphological features: An adult male, SVL 153.9 mm; body large and stout; head marginally longer than wide; snout obtusely pointed in dorsal view and projecting beyond mouth; tympanum distinct, nearly equal to the diameter of eye, prominent supratympanic fold; arms short and strong; dorsal skin glandular with broken longitudinal ridges; finger tips without discs, relative length of fingers II <IV <I <III; toes nearly full webbed, webbing formula I 0 – 0 II 0 – ½ III ½ – ½ IV ½ – ½ V), relative toes length 1 <2 <3 <5 <4, inner metatarsal tubercle present. Coloration in life: Adult male pale brown or greyish (lemon yellowish during breeding season) with dark plump spots on dorsum; prominent greenish or pale yellowish stripe from behind the eye to the groin; a white streak on upper jaw; hind limbs cross-barred with four prominent bands; ventral sides pale white. Males had distinct blue paired subgular vocal sac which is likely to be an optical cue for attraction of females (Gomez et al. 2009; Fig 4 I). Bioacoustics: We analysed 50 advertisement calls from five males of H. tigerinus. The males were recorded calling between 23: 30 – 03: 00 hours in July and site air temperature was between 26 ° C – 28.5 ° C. The mean call duration of analysed calls was 235.30 ± 48.65 ms (181 – 430 ms). Recorded mean pulse rate was 76.92 ± 5.32 pulses / s (61.82 – 87.18 pulses / s) with 17.36 ± 2.88 pulses (13 – 29 pulses) delivered per call. The mean dominant frequency was 1819.14 ± 388.87 Hz (1205.90 – 2239.50 Hz).

Sumber: Identification of anuran species diversity of the Panna Tiger Reserve, Central India, using an integrated approach

Figures 1 and 3 (a – b); Table 2 specimens examined: CMDN-A 91 – 96, 156. Distribution in the KTM Valley: Encountered only in Lalitpur. Neither Pokhrel et al. (2011) or Aryal et al. (2013) encountered this species. Remarks: We observed large numbers of this species on the edge of an urban area. We encountered a large adult calling in a shallow pool on the edge of a village road in the vicinity of Microhyla, which were also calling (Figure 1; Figure 3 (b )). When approached, the frog raised its posterior end in a defensive position, as has been previously reported for this species (Anders 2002). We also observed large numbers of individuals in a wetland where males were calling (Figures 3 (a) and 4 (d )). Several juveniles were also present at this locality, which probably represents common breeding habitat for this species in the KTM Valley.

Sumber: A herpetological survey of the Kathmandu Valleyı Nepalı and phylogenetic identification of Megophrys (Xenophrys) zhangi