Hoplobatrachus tigerinus

(Fig 4 I) Specimens examined: one adult male (WIIAD 228). Morphological features: An adult male, SVL 153.9 mm; body large and stout; head marginally longer than wide; snout obtusely pointed in dorsal view and projecting beyond mouth; tympanum distinct, nearly equal to the diameter of eye, prominent supratympanic fold; arms short and strong; dorsal skin glandular with broken longitudinal ridges; finger tips without discs, relative length of fingers II <IV <I <III; toes nearly full webbed, webbing formula I 0 – 0 II 0 – ½ III ½ – ½ IV ½ – ½ V), relative toes length 1 <2 <3 <5 <4, inner metatarsal tubercle present. Coloration in life: Adult male pale brown or greyish (lemon yellowish during breeding season) with dark plump spots on dorsum; prominent greenish or pale yellowish stripe from behind the eye to the groin; a white streak on upper jaw; hind limbs cross-barred with four prominent bands; ventral sides pale white. Males had distinct blue paired subgular vocal sac which is likely to be an optical cue for attraction of females (Gomez et al. 2009; Fig 4 I). Bioacoustics: We analysed 50 advertisement calls from five males of H. tigerinus. The males were recorded calling between 23: 30 – 03: 00 hours in July and site air temperature was between 26 ° C – 28.5 ° C. The mean call duration of analysed calls was 235.30 ± 48.65 ms (181 – 430 ms). Recorded mean pulse rate was 76.92 ± 5.32 pulses / s (61.82 – 87.18 pulses / s) with 17.36 ± 2.88 pulses (13 – 29 pulses) delivered per call. The mean dominant frequency was 1819.14 ± 388.87 Hz (1205.90 – 2239.50 Hz).

Sumber: Identification of anuran species diversity of the Panna Tiger Reserve, Central India, using an integrated approach

Figures 1 and 3 (a – b); Table 2 specimens examined: CMDN-A 91 – 96, 156. Distribution in the KTM Valley: Encountered only in Lalitpur. Neither Pokhrel et al. (2011) or Aryal et al. (2013) encountered this species. Remarks: We observed large numbers of this species on the edge of an urban area. We encountered a large adult calling in a shallow pool on the edge of a village road in the vicinity of Microhyla, which were also calling (Figure 1; Figure 3 (b )). When approached, the frog raised its posterior end in a defensive position, as has been previously reported for this species (Anders 2002). We also observed large numbers of individuals in a wetland where males were calling (Figures 3 (a) and 4 (d )). Several juveniles were also present at this locality, which probably represents common breeding habitat for this species in the KTM Valley.

Sumber: A herpetological survey of the Kathmandu Valleyı Nepalı and phylogenetic identification of Megophrys (Xenophrys) zhangi

This is the largest frog of Terai region. Yellow colored breeding males were frequently observed in puddles during monsoon (Fig. 5).

Sumber: Amphibians and reptiles of Parsa National Park, Nepal