Ctenopharyngodon idella

Habitat. Stocked in large rivers and almost all still waters such as lakes, reservoirs, and ponds. Often escapes from fish farms. In its native range, inhabits rivers with pronounced water level fluctuations caused by floods. Spawning and overwintering in middle and lower reaches of large rivers. In lakes, reservoirs, and backwaters during feeding season, preferably in warm, clear water with high oxygen concentrations. Biology. In natural habitat, first spawns at 7 – 10 years and about 600 – 800 mm SL, females 1 – 2 years later than males. Spawns April – August. Migrates upstream and spawns during high water, in upper water layer, or on surface in sections with strong currents. Females lay one or more portions of eggs depending on length of flood. Average females lay about 1.5 million pelagic eggs, hatching while drifting downstream in 2 – 3 days; if river is blocked or available river reaches are too short, eggs cannot drift long enough and fail to develop. After spawning, adults leave river and migrate to flooded areas, lakes, or backwaters with dense vegetation. They return to river in autumn – winter and spend cold season in deep places in lower reaches. Larvae settle in flooded lakes and channels with little or no current after a downstream migration of about 1000 km. Larvae feed on phyto- and zooplankton and then, from about 25 to 50 mm SL, on aquatic macrophytes. Larger juveniles and adults feed mainly on macrophytes, including terrestrial macrophytes, during summer floods. Does not feed in winter. There are reliable data on natural spawning in rivers in southern Russia, but success of these reproductive events is not known.

Sumber: Handbook of Freshwater Fishes of West Asia

Conservation status. Non-native; stocked for commercial fisheries. In West Asia very rarely stocked. Native stocks in eastern Russia and China are declining. Its introduction into Czech Republic was accompanied by introduction of tapeworm Bothriocephalus gowkongensis, which subsequently caused severe losses in Cyprinus carpio farmed stocks.

Sumber: Handbook of Freshwater Fishes of West Asia

Common name. Grass carp Taxonomy. Original description: Leuciscus idella Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1844: 362 (China; no types known). Revisions. Berg (1949: 597). Illustrations. Berg (1949: 598, fig. 353).

Sumber: Freshwater lamprey and fishes of Iran: Reappraisal and updated checklist with a note on Eagderi et al. (2022)

Distribution in Iran. — Distribution in River Basin and Ecoregions: Widespread in many parts of Iran. Status in Iran. [Exotic]. — Amour, Kapor Alafkhar. — Listed in previous checklists from Iran by Esmaeili et al. (2017 a, 2018); Jouladeh-Roudbar et al. (2020) and Eagderi et al. (2022). — Iran material: ZM-CBSU. Conservation. Not relevant (introduced species).

Sumber: Freshwater lamprey and fishes of Iran: Reappraisal and updated checklist with a note on Eagderi et al. (2022)

Conservation. Not relevant (introduced species).

Sumber: Freshwater fishes of Iraq: a revised and updated annotated checklist- 2023

Distribution and habitat. Distribution in Iraq: Introduce somewhere. — General distribution: East Asia: China and Russia; widely introduced elsewhere. — Habitat: This species conducts its spawning and overwintering in middle and lower stretches of large floodplain rivers (below 1,000 m altitude), within lakes, reservoirs, and backwaters during feeding season, preferring warm, clear water and high oxygen concentration. It is tolerant of a wide range of environmental variables. Freshwater.

Sumber: Freshwater fishes of Iraq: a revised and updated annotated checklist- 2023