Hipposideros galeritus

Echolocation: The constant frequency (CF) component of echolocation calls emitted by our bats ranged between 84 – 85 kHz (Table 2; Appendix 4). As tabulated in Srinivasulu et al. (2025) and our own data, only populations of H. galeritus found in the Thai-Malay peninsula and Bokor National Park, Cambodia (close to the AG 1) are known to emits calls at similar frequencies (80.7 – 92.0 kHz and 86 – 87 kHz respectively), whereas populations elsewhere in mainland Southeast Asia and on Borneo produce significantly higher constant frequency components (typically ≥ 98 – 110 kHz). Genetics: Consistent with previous studies (Francis et al. 2010; Murray et al. 2012; Srinivasulu et al. 2025), our Bayesian trees based on COI and Cytb datasets strongly support the monophyly of Southeast Asian H. galeritus s. l. (PP = 1). In our COI tree, the H. galeritus s. l clade is subdivided into three well-supported geographic subclades (PP = 1): A – insular Sundaic (Borneo (Kalimantan, Indonesia and Sarawak, Malaysia) + Java), B – mainland Sundaic or the Thai-Malay Peninsula, and C — Indochinese comprising Thailand excluding the peninsula, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, including our specimens in the VMD. In our Cytb tree, bats from insular Sundaic and Indochinese subregions appeared in two divergent and highly supported lineages (PP = 1) (Figure 6). Genetic divergences based on COI / Cytb sequences within three recognized subclades A, B, C Southeast Asian H. galeritus s. l. are between 0 – 4.9 % / 0.3 – 2.8 %, 0.3 / –, and 0 – 2.7 / 0.2 – 0.9 %, respectively; distances between these clades are between 11.4 – 14.6 % / 10.7 – 11.5 % and comparable with interspecific variations in the Hipposideros genus (Appendix 7).

Sumber: Bats of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta: A revised checklist with significant new records

Morphology: Mensural data from our specimens (e. g., FA = 48.1 ± 1.0 mm, range 46.5 – 50.0 mm; CCL = 14.96 mm; Table 2) accord with published measurements for H. galeritus from Vietnam (FA: 45 – 51 mm; CCL: 14.6 – 15.8 mm) (Kruskop 2013) and Southeast Asia (FA: 47.8 ± 1.68 mm; CCL: 14.46 ± 0.28 mm) (Srinivasulu et al. 2025). External characters also match previous descriptions: the noseleaf is broad, covering the entire muzzle. The anterior leaf lacks a medial emargination and possesses two well-developed supplementary leaflets; the proximal leaflets are expanded and fused to form a single, impaired structure surrounding the anterior leaf which considerably exceeds it in width. The intermediate leaf is simple, equal to or wider than the posterior leaf. The posterior leaf is subdivided into four septa. Males possess a frontal sac behind the posterior leaf. The ears are triangularly pointed and the antitragal lobe is subangular, approximately one-third of the ear length. The pelage is thick and soft, dark to reddish brown dorsally, paler ventrally; hairs have pale bases. The muzzle and ears are variably pigmented (Figure 2 B). The skull is small and elongated (GLS = 17.66 mm), with the mastoid width exceeding zygomatic breadth (Table 2). In lateral profile, the skull is elevated over the frontal and parietal regions of the braincase. The sagittal crest is low, moderately developed anteriorly but indistinct posteriorly, extending into the parietal region. The lambdoid crests are weakly developed. The interorbital region is narrow. Three pairs of rostral inflations are present: the anterior rostral chambers are similar in length to the posterior-median rostral chambers. The posterior-lateral chambers are much wider than kidney-shaped posterior-median chambers. The dentition includes robust and tall upper canines; the small first upper premolars (P ²) situated within the toothrow between the upper canines and second upper premolars (P 4); and the crown area of the first lower premolar (P 2) is approximately equal to that of the second lower premolar (P 4) but only about half its height (Figure 3 B).