Manis javanica

Conservation: CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Lower Risk (nt).

Sumber: Order Pholidota

Distribution: Burma; Thailand; S Laos; C and S Vietnam; Cambodia; Malaysia; Sumatra; Java; Borneo; adjacent islands.

Sumber: Order Pholidota

Habitat. Main habitat is primary and secondary rainforest (excluding swamp forest), where large trees provide numerous shelters. This species seems able to inhabit perturbed areas such as fragmented forest islands, gardens, and plantations, including near human settlements. It is however absent from zones of extensive agriculture. May occur at high elevations, notably in Lombok Island, Indonesia (1500 m) and Borneo (up to 1700 m); found at lower elevations where co-occurring with the Short-tailed Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla). In its northern range, probably does not occur above 600 m.

Sumber: Manidae

Movements, Home range and Social organization. Almost unknown. Rarely observed in the wild dueto its secretive, solitary, and nocturnal way oflife. In Singapore, a female with young foraged very nearits dens and had a home range of ¢. 7 ha. In contrast, males had much larger ranges (mean: c. 43 ha). Extent of home range overlap between and within genders is unknown. The female showed a higher level of den fidelity than males, the latter only spending one or two consecutive days at the same resting site. Seems relatively abundant in the southern part of its range, but extremely rare in its northern range.

Sumber: Manidae

Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. The annual export quota is zero for specimens removed from the wild for trade. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List because of a dramatic reduction of populations in the last 15 years, likely to continue over the next 15 years given the heavy hunting pressure, the pressure moving towards its southern range (Indonesia) and being driven by the Chinese traditional medicine market. Although protected by national legislation and present in a number of protected areas throughout its range, it is heavily exploited for its meat and its supposed medicinal properties (to cure cancer, notably), a situation exacerbated by continuous destruction ofits habitats. Although the Sunda Pangolin is able to survive in humanmodified habitats, the presence of mature forests with large trees seems to be necessary for breeding success. In Laos, populations have decreased by 90 % in the last ten years. Illegally harvested for local or international trade throughout South-east Asia, but exact number is unknown. Much greater law enforcement is needed to limit poaching from protected areas. Since the mid- 1980 s, a dramatic shift from local consumption towards international trade (to China) has become established; nevertheless, prior trading activities were already intense: e. g. ¢. 10,000 Sunda Pangolins were exported from Borneo between the late 1950 s and early 1960 s. In Vietnam, the majority of hunters sell their live catches to Chinese exporters, with the price per kilogram now exceeding US $ 95.

Sumber: Manidae

Descriptive notes. Head-body 40 - 65 cm, tail 35 - 58 cm; weight 3 - 10 kg. A mediumsized pangolin, with rounded, olive to reddish-brown scales and pads on forefeet. One pair of mammae. Males larger than females. Head conical and rostrum relatively long and thick. Nose pad color similar to orslightly darker than the pale, grayish-pink skin. Auditory orifice with ear pinna. Eyes small and iris dark. Scaled armor covering the upper face and the whole body, except the belly and inner side of legs. Hairs whitish, very thin and relatively long (longer than 0 - 3 cm); quite densely imbedded all over the naked skin. Hairs project between scales. 15 - 18 dorsal scale rows. Scales approximately as long as wide. Width ofscales on the distal part of the body similar to that offirst rows of postscapular scales; scales uniformly olive to reddish-brown, but yellow zones may sometimes appear on individuals. Scales V-shaped, with smooth contour, even in juveniles. Tail length slightly inferior to head and body. On tail, medio-dorsal row ofscales continuous to tip. Ventral part oftail has a narrow, terminal skin pad, due to the absence of a median scale. Forelegsslightly shorter than hindlegs. Five short and curved claws on forefeet, with the third claw less than twice as long as the others; animals walk with wrist folded up and claws perpendicular to ground. Five markedly curved claws on hindfeet, with third claw distinctly longer. Skull 6 - 10 cm long, V-shaped. 28 - 29 caudal vertebrae. Diploid number 2 n = 38.

Sumber: Manidae