Macaca fascicularis

PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix II as Order Primates.

Sumber: Order Primates

DISTRIBUTION: Indochina and Burma to Borneo and Timor; Philippine Isis.; Nicobar Isis.

Sumber: Order Primates

Habitat. Preferred habitats include seashore, along with mangrove forest, riverbanks and swamp forest, most commonly found at low elevations but up to ¢. 2000 m above sea level. A 1996 - 1999 survey in west-central Sumatra found Long-tailed Macaques only in lowland and hill dipterocarp forests at elevations of less than 800 m. They can live successfully in edge habitats and are often found near human settlements in fields, botanical gardens, plantations, temple precincts, fruit orchards, and vegetable gardens. Some populations may invade human habitation in search of food. Dependence on human sources of food is widespread in Thailand, and the only natural populations there may be confined to the Western Conservation Corridor, specifically Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary in Uthaithani Province.

Sumber: Cercopithecidae

Movements, Home range and Social organization. Non-provisioned groups of Longtailed Macaques contain 5 - 100 individuals, although they may subdivide into smaller units to forage. Groups are multimale-multifemale, with resident lineages of female kin and males emigrating from their natal groups. Dominance / subordination hierarchies exist within and between lineages in females and among males. Known ratios of sexually mature males to sexually mature females are 1: 0 - 58 - 7 - 1. Predator detection may be a major determinant of social behavior and group size. Home ranges are quite variable at 12 - 5 ha to more than 300 ha. Home range overlap is generally slight and encounters between adjacent groups are relatively rare, although home range of a “ daughter group ” may overlap extensively with that of her natal group. Reported mean daily movements are 325 - 1900 m and may be positively correlated with group size.

Sumber: Cercopithecidae

Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red Lust. Subspecies condorensis and umbrosus are classified as Vulnerable, philippinensis as Near Threatened, fascicularis as Least Concern, and atriceps, aureus, fuscus, karimondjawae, lasiae, and tua as Data Deficient. Populations of Long-tailed Macaques have been decimated in Bangladesh by shrimp farming and shipbuilding, and habitat availability and quality have been significantly reduced in Myanmar. Throughout much ofits distribution, especially that of the nominate form fascicularis, human-macaque conflict is burgeoning in both rural and, more recently, urban landscapes as human populations expand and forest habitat is encroached upon. Responses have included culling (Peninsular Malaysia), increased quotas for trapping of wild monkeys for domestic research as well as “ breeding stock ” for primate export companies (Indonesia), and sterilization (Singapore) — frequently in the absence of surveys and population estimates, or using questionable survey data. At the same time, wild populations suspected of having been laundered as captive-bred may be exploited for the international trade driven by industrial testing and biomedical research. According to the CITES database maintained by the United Nations Environment Programme-Wildlife Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), more than 254,000 live Long-tailed Macaques were exported for medical, scientific, commercial, and breeding purposes from 2004 until July 2010. Imports of Long-tailed Macaques into the USA — the world’s largest user of primates and, as such, a bellwether of pressure on wild populations — increased from 17,124 individuals in 2004 to 24,629 individuals in 2005 and reached 26,799 individuals in 2008. A recent decline in numbers imported into the USA may be associated with outsourcing. Participants in the open meeting at the 2008 Congress of the International Primatological Society (IPS) in Edinburgh, UK, to review the biennial listing of the “ World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates, ” ajoint activity of the [IUCN / SSC Primate Specialist Group, Conservation International, and IPS, officially recognized the Long-tailed Macaque as the first “ widespread and rapidly declining ” primate species, and thelisting of the Long-tailed Macaque on The IUCN Red List is currently being reassessed.

Sumber: Cercopithecidae

Descriptive notes. Head-body 37 - 63 cm (males) and 31.5 - 54.5 cm (females), tail 36 — 71 - 5 cm (males) and 31: 5 - 62.8 cm (females); weight 3.4 - 12 kg (males) and 2.4 - 5.4 kg (females). The Long-tailed Macaque is the smallest of the fascicularis species group. Adult males are generally larger than adult females; mean head-body length of males exceeds that of females by 13 %. Geographic variation in dorsal pelage coloration is noticeable, ranging from buffy to yellowish-gray to golden brown to reddish brown to dark brown to blackish. Erythrism of dorsal pelage varies in intensity in different regions. Crown is usually more brightly colored than the back. Crown hairs are directed backward and outward, sometimes forming a small, pointed central crest or, alternately, a darker cap. Outer surfaces of limbs fade from about the same color as the adjacent area of the trunk to pale grayish to pale golden brown at wrists and ankles. The dorsal surface ofthe tail is darker at the root (golden-brown or blackish) and gets progressively paler toward the tip. Pelage on under surfaces of trunk, limbs, and tail is thin and pale gray to whitish. Thinly haired facial skin is brownish to pinkish with sharply defined whitish upper eyelids (although hair may be concentrated on the upperlip or chin). Cheek whiskers usually sweep upward from near the angle of the jaw to the outside margin of the crown between the eyes and ears (transzygomatic crest pattern); less frequently, in some populations (or individuals), the crestis restricted to the posterior region of the lowerjaw (infrazygomatic cheek pattern). All dorsal pelage of newborn infants is conspicuously dark brown to blackish. Infant facial skin is bare, lacking pigment, and pinkish.

Sumber: Cercopithecidae