Aedes aegypti

The invasive Ae. aegypti was probably introduced in the 16 th century (Lounibos, 2002). It breeds in artificial containers and feeds mainly on human blood and is therefore mainly found close to habitation (Harrington et al., 2001). It is the main vector for a number of arboviruses in the Caribbean causing dengue, chikungunya and Zika (Leslie et al., 2014, 2017). As expected, we found Ae. aegypti present in urban habitats on all three islands. We also found Ae. aegypti in high densities in two remote old wells on Sint Eustatius (Venus Bay Road, 17 ° 30 ’ 17.8 “ N, 62 ° 58 ’ 59.4 ” W; Smoke Alley [near Fort Rotterdam], 17 ° 29 ’ 13.1 “ N, 62 ° 59 ’ 36.0 ” W). One of these wells had a relatively high salinity of 7 ‰, which has been shown to be well within the tolerance range of Ae. aegypti (De Brito Arduino et al., 2015). Verdonschot and Besse-Lototskaya (2014) concluded from a meta-analysis of 62 dispersal studies that Ae. aegypti can cover maximally distances of 2.5 km (mean = 333 m). Reiter et al. (1995) reported that furthest Ae. aegypti post-blood meal flight was 441 m (mean = 181 m). In a 200 m radius around the wells, only one or two residences are present, whereas goats were extremely abundant on this part of this island. The fact that post-blood meal flights over 200 m are exceptional and densities of adult mosquitoes at both sites were exceptionally high suggests that Ae. aegypti at these localities may be partly feeding on nonhuman hosts. Other studies have shown that the percentage of Ae. aegypti that were bloodfed on humans varies from 76.2 % in rural Puerto Rico (Barrera et al., 2012), where other hosts were mainly dogs, but also on cats, horses, and chickens, to 99.1 % in Thailand (Ponlawat & Harrington, 2005). On Sint Eustatius, goats and sheep are very abundant at these sites. However, further research is needed to examine the origin of the blood meals.

Sumber: Taxonomy, ecology and distribution of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Dutch Leeward Islands, with a key to the adults and fourth instar larvae

Distribution. This species is cosmotropical and a known invasive mosquito. It originated in Africa but it is now firmly established in many parts of the world (Wilkerson et al. 2021). In the Middle East and North Africa, it has been found in Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran (old records), Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates and Yemen (Knight 1953 b; Mattingly & Knight 1956; Abdel-Malek 1960; White 1980; Minář 1991; van Harten & Wagener 1994; Pecor et al. 2002; Alten et al. 2000; Brunhes et al. 2000; Miller et al. 2002; Knio et al. 2005; Alahmed et al. 2009; Alahmad et al. 2010; Alahmed et al. 2009, 2010; El-Badry & Al-Ali 2010; Kheir et al. 2010; Al Ahmad et al. 2011; Mutebi et al. 2012; Al Ahmed et al. 2013; Mahyoub et al. 2013, 2015; Al Ashry et al. 2014; Alikhan et al. 2014; Irish et al. 2016; Tantely et al. 2016; Lemine et al. 2017; Tabbabi et al. 2017; Trari et al. 2017; van den Hurk 2018; Gunathilaka 2018; Al Awaidy & Khamis 2019; Azari-Hamidian et al. 2019; Maquart et al. 2021 ;; Wilkerson et al. 2021; Mashlawi et al. 2022). It was recorded for the first time in Saudi Arabia by Mattingly & Knight (1956).

Sumber: An overview of the mosquitoes of Saudi Arabia (Diptera: Culicidae), with updated keys to the adult females

Distribution. Introduced. Cosmopolitan; Galápagos: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.

Sumber: An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador)

Egg. The whole egg measured 558,70 μm length. It had a banana-shaped form and a dark coloration pattern. In addition, it was individually positioned. All of these characteristics are typical of Aedes sp. eggs (Fig. 2) (Ross & Horsfall 1965). Larva. The larva presented a short siphon with only one pair of setae 1 S, an anal segment not completely encircled by a saddle, 8 comb scales on the VIII abdominal segment forming a single row of bristles and large subapical spinules (Fig. 3). All these characteristics are typical of Ae. aegypti larva (Consoli & Oliveira 1994; Darsie 1985). Molecular identification Nucleotide sequence of the Ae. aegypti Los Andes isolate was analyzed into the web version of NCBI databases using BLASTn. COI gene identity for this sample (NCBI ID: PV 609787) matches 100 % of nucleotide identity with Ae. aegypti samples from different geographic regions, like China, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, among others. To determine the evolutionary position of Ae. aegypti from Los Andes, a phylogenetic inference was performed based on the COI nucleotide sequence and, compared with other mosquito species present in Chilean territory and sporadically detected species (Fig. 4). The phylogenetic tree was constructed using maximum likelihood, and sequences from Aedes albifasciatus (Macquart, 1838), Aedes sallumae (González & Reyes, 2017), Aedes vexans (Meigen, 1830), Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) and others Ae. aegypti were used for comparison and as an illustrative view of the Ae. aegypti Los Andes isolate. This analysis confirms the position of this isolated in the Ae. aegypti clade and separated from the closest Ae. albopictus, highly prevalent in the South American region.

Sumber: Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Valparaíso Region: new and southernmost record in continental Chile

SEM The elongate eggs of A. aegypti measured ca 600 µm long (̄ x = 596.9 ± 17.1 μm). The posterior and anterior ends tapered into a spindle shape and the centre measured 165 µm in diameter (Figure 4 a). The textured surface was covered with outer chorionic cells (sensu Mundim-Pombo et al. 2021). Each cell contained a central tubercle and smaller peripheral tubercles (Figure 4 b). The central tubercles measured ca 7.6 µm in diameter and the peripheral tubercles measured ca 2.1 µm across. The surface of the shell was rugose in regions where tubercles and other ornamentation was absent (Figure 4 c). TEM Not performed in this study. Measurements estimated from Mundim-Pombo et al. (2021) showed an average shell thickness of 1.93 ± 0.63 µm (SD). AFM Images of the outer shell layer displayed similar morphologies to those observed in SEM but were less textured. Small bumps on the eggshell measured ~ 0.79 µm in diameter (Figure 4 d). The AFM appeared to have taken measurements from the ̍ naked ̾ region between tubercles or perhaps where tubercles were missing (probably artefactual and due to storage or processing) (see Figure 4 a). An example force – distance curve that displays how Young ̾ s modulus values were collected for a single spot on one egg is shown in Figure 4 e. The Young ̾ s modulus ranged from 14.09 to 28.61 MPa with an average of 22.54 ± 5.00 MPa (SD) (Table 1). The hardness ranged from 1.78 × 10 − 2 GPa to 2.75 × 10 − 2 GPa with an average hardness of 2.28 × 10 − 2 GPa ± 3.33 × 10 − 3 GPa (SD) (Table 2).

Sumber: Integrative microscopy to explore physical and nanomechanical properties of eggshells of diapausing embryos in Rotifera: a proof-of-concept study

The brief description of this species in Latin only occurs on page 470 as: CXXI CULEX lEGYPTI articulatiombus candidis (with bright movements) Locus, lEgyptus, Culice communi Iarior (Location, Egypt, mer than the common mosquito) Linnaeus thus says nothing about the appearance of this species and his observation could apply to most species.

Sumber: The names of European mosqitoes: Part 7