Canis lupus

Food and Feeding. Extremely variable, but main prey consists of large ungulates (Moose Akes sp., Reindeer Rangifer tarandus, deer, Wild Boar Sus scropha, etc.). Gray Wolves will also eat smaller prey items, livestock, carrion, and garbage. In winter, they hunt in packs, but in summer they hunt singly, in pairs, or in small groups. Chases ranging from 100 m to more than 5 km are the rule. Generally Gray Wolves end up with, or tend to select, older individuals, juveniles (under 1 year) or debilitated animals, or those in otherwise poor condition. Average daily food consumption varies from 2.5 - 6.3 kg or more per day, and kill rates vary accordingly. Wolves first attack the rump of larger prey, but the head, shoulders, flanks, or rump of smaller prey. Usually they eat most of the carcass, leaving only the larger bones and chunks of hide. When there is surplus food, wolves will cache either regurgitated chunks or large pieces. Dingoes, eat a diverse range of prey types and over 170 species have been identified ranging from insects to buffalo, with the main prey in Australia composed of magpie geese (Anseranas semipalmata), Agile Wallabies (Macropus agilis), Red Kangaroos (Macropus rufus); Wallaroos (Macropus robustm), wallabies (Wallabia bicolor, Macropus rufogriseus), possums (Trichosurus vulpecula, Pseudocheirus peregrinus), Common Wombats (Vombatus ursinus), European Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), rodents (Rattus vilbsisimus, R. colletti, Mus musculus) and lizards (Ctenophorus nuchalis). In Asia, Dingoes live commensally with humans in most regions and their main food items are rice, fruit, and other table scraps provided by people or scavenged. Activity patterns. Mostly nocturnal or crepuscular, but activity periods may extend well into daylight hours in areas where they are free from persecution. Predominantly diurnal in the Arctic summer. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Gray Wolves live in packs, which mostly comprise family groups. The dominant pair breeds, and other maturing females are reproductively suppressed unless food is abundant. Packs may include up to 36 individuals, but smaller size packs (5 - 12) are more common. They occupy territories of 75 - 2500 km 2 depending on prey density. Territories are maintained by howling, scent marking, and direct killing. Dingoes are usually seen alone, but when undisturbed most individuals belong to discrete and stable packs of 3 - 12 Dingoes occupy territories throughout the year. The largest recorded home ranges (90 - 300 km 2) occur in the deserts of south-western Australia. Elsewhere they range from 10 - 113 km 2. Some Dingoes disperse, especially young males; the longest recorded distance for a tagged Dingo is about 250 km. Breeding. Mating takes place from January to April, depending on latitude. Gestation is nine weeks. Dens are in holes, caves, pits, hollow logs, protruding tree roots or fallen trees. Litter size is 1 - 11 (mean 6). Duration of lactation is 8 - 10 weeks. Age at sexual maturity is 22 - 46 months, occasionally ten months. Dingoes breed once each year, with litters of 1 - 10 (mean 5) usually whelped in winter (May to July). Pups usually become independent at 3 - 6 months.

Sumber: Mammals of the World

Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II, except populations from Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Pakistan, which are listed on Appendix I. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List Current legal protection varies from well enforced and complete protection to concerted efforts to control certain populations. Because of the diversity in climate, topography, vegetation, human settlement, and development of the Wolfs range, Gray Wolf populations in various parts of the original range vary from extinct to relatively pristine. Population densities vary from approximately 0.08 to 0.008 individuals per km 2. Population status is fully viable across Canada and Alaska, but Gray Wolves have been extinct in Newfoundland since 1911. Threatened in Greenland (Denmark), Endangered in north-west USA, and viable, increasing or reintroduced in other USA range states. Highly endangered in Mexico. Rare and threatened to fully viable in Europe, stable to fully viable in north and Central Asia, highly endangered to viable / declining in the Middle East, and declining to endangered in southern Asia. Dingoes are listed as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red Lisi, but are considered a pest throughout much of the remaining range. The Gray Wolf's original worldwide range has been reduced by about one-third, primarily in developed areas of Europe, Asia, Mexico, and the USA, by poisoning and deliberate persecution due to predation on livestock. Since about 1970, legal protection, land-use changes, and rural human population shifts to cities have arrested Gray Wolf population declines and fostered natural recolonization in parts of Western Europe and the USA, and reintroduction in the western USA. Continued threats include competition with humans for livestock, especially in developing countries, exaggerated fears by the public concerning the threat and danger of wolves, and fragmentation of habitat, with resulting areas becoming too small to maintain viable populations in the long term.

Sumber: Mammals of the World

Descriptive notes. Head-body 100 - 130 cm for males and 87 - 117 cm for females, tail 40 - 52 cm for males and 35 - 50 cm for females. The Gray Wolf is the largest wild canid, weighing up to 62 kg. The general appearance and proportions are not unlike those of a large German Shepherd dog, except the legs are longer, feet larger, ears shorter, the eyes are slanted, the tail is curled, the winter fur is longer and bushier, and the Wolf has chin tufts in winter. The fur is thick and usually mottled gray, but can vary from nearly pure white, red, or brown to black. Dental formula I 3 / 3, C 1 / 1, PM 4 / 4, M 2 / 3 = 42. Habitat. All northern habitats where there is suitable food, with highest densities where prey biomass is highest. In west Asia and north-east Africa present in very arid environments. Dingoes are found in all habitats from tropical alpine moorlands to tropical wetlands and forests to arid hot deserts.

Sumber: Mammals of the World

Distribution: Abundant but uncommon; populations are possibly decreased due to extensive persecution; widespread in almost all habitats across the country but in small numbers. Heavy persecution by the nomads in central Syria documented by G. Serra and MS Abdallah (2000 – 2010, unpublished report) and Serra (2002). (Fig. 91) Previous records: 45 km southwest of Ain Al-Arous (Misonne 1957), Jabal Abd Al-Aziz, Buhayrat Al-Khatuniyah, Sabkhat al-Jabbul, Wadi Al-Azib, Jabal Al-Bishri, Jabal Al-Bilaas, Palmyra (Harrison 1968; Tohme et al. 1975; Evans 1994), in many regions across Syria (Shehab 2002), Palmyra, Jabal Al-Bishri, Efreen, and north of Slenfeh (Masseti 2009), around Palmyra (Serra et al. 2009 a, b), Abu Qubays, Jabal Abd Al-Aziz (Daoud & Khalil 2009 a, c), south of Al-Badia of Deir ez-Zor and Jabal Al-Bishri (Aidek 2010; Murdoch & Aidek 2012). Recent records: Qal’at Jandal (1994), Jabal Al-Bishri, vicinity of Feidhat Ibn Muwyin’e, vicinity of Al-Mayadin (2006 – 2012), Deir Sawwan (2009), east of az-Zelif, an-Nasriyeh, vicinity of Salamiyah (2011), Fajlit, Al-Hjeifat, east of Latakia, Shahba, Jabla, Mesiaf, Salkhad, Rab’o, 10 km east of Rbeidha, Deir as-Saleeb, Al-Matikh, and Rsass, Al-Gheidha (2020 – 2023).

Sumber: Checklist of Mammals of Syria

Distribution: North America, Canada and Eurasia. In Myanmar, the existence of this species was based principally on isolated sightings in the neighborhoods of Hpare village, Chipwi Township (Tun Yin 1993) and Pangnamdim (Rabinowitz and Khaing 1998) in Kachin State.

Sumber: Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist

Conservation: CITES – Appendix I (Indian, Pakistan, Bhutan, and Nepal populations); otherwise Appendix II. U. S. ESA – as C. lupus varies by population: 1) Endangered in Southwestern Distinct Population Segment – Mexico and USA (AZ, NM, CO south of Interstate Highway 70, UT south of U. S. Highway 50, OK and TX, except those parts of OK and TX east of Interstate Highway 35; except where listed as an experimental population); 2) Threatened in Western Distinct Population Segment – USA (CA, ID, MT, NV, OR, WA, WY, UT north of U. S. Highway 50, and CO north of Interstate Highway 70, except where listed as an experimental population); 3) Threatened in Eastern Distinct Population Segment – USA (CT, IA, IL, IN, KS, MA, ME, MI, MN, MO, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, SD, VT, and WI); 4) Experimental populations in portions of USA (WY and portions of ID and MT; portions of AZ, NM, and TX); otherwise, U. S. ESA – Delisted Taxa in USA (Delaware, West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, parts of Oklahoma and Texas east of Interstate Highway 35; delisting of all other lower 48 states or portions of lower 48 states not otherwise included in the 3 distinct population segments). U. S. ESA – as C. rufus Endangered in entire range except in portions of NC and TN (USA), where listed as experimental populations. IUCN – Lower Risk (lc), except for Mexican subpopulation, which is Extinct in the Wild, Italian subpopulation, which is Vulnerable, Spanish-Portuguese subpopulation, which is Lower Risk (cd), and as Canis rufus, which is Critically Endangered.

Sumber: Order Carnivora