Avicennia marina

PHENOLOGY. — Flowering: February, August – September; fruiting: February, November.

Sumber: Avicennia (Acanthaceae: Avicennioideae) in North America and Mesoamerica

CONSERVATION. — Avicennia marina has been assessed as a taxon of Least Concern (LC) by Duke et al. (2010). This taxon is not native in the New World, but has become naturalized locally and is potentially invasive. On his collection 28024 made in 1979, Moran noted that plants in California had been introduced from Aukland, New Zealand about 1966 – 69. He also noted the presence of about 100 or more flowering-size plants plus many seedlings in the wildlife reserve where his observations were made. Initial efforts to eradicate the species were unsuccessful.

Sumber: Avicennia (Acanthaceae: Avicennioideae) in North America and Mesoamerica

Figures 1 H – K, 2, 3 B, D Shrubs to 2.3 m tall. Young stems of reproductive shoots covered with dense shiny granules or scalelike projections to 0.05 m long (scurfy), soon glabrate. Leaves petiolate, blades ovate to elliptic (to obovate), 44 – 100 mm long, 19 – 41 mm wide, 1.7 – 2.8 (– 3.6) times longer than wide, acute (to rounded or emarginate) at apex, subattenuate to attenuate at base, surfaces discolorous (abaxial lighter), punctate-pitted (sometimes inconspicuously so abaxially), adaxial surface lacking trichomes, abaxial surface covered with a dense scurfy layer. Inflorescences of axillary and terminal (sessile to) pedunculate ± headlike spikes, peduncles (0 –) 1 – 40 mm long, scurfy or distally pubescent like rachis, rachis not or but barely visible, internodes near midspike 1 – 4 mm long, scurfy and pubescent with ± antrorse eglandular trichomes to 0.2 mm long. Bracts opposite, broadly ovate to triangular, concavoconvex, 3 – 4 mm long, abaxial surface scurfy and often pubescent like rachis. Bracteoles similar to bracts except smaller. Flowers mostly 4 – 16 per spike, sessile. Calyx 3.5 – 4 mm long, lobes elliptic to broadly elliptic, concavoconvex, imbricate, abaxially pubescent with antrorsely appressed eglandular trichomes to 0.8 mm long, margin ciliate with similar but spreading trichomes. Corollas 3.5 – 6. 5 mm long, internally drying dark or blackish proximally and light brownish distally (those from Australasia are usually described as yellowish or orangish and the color is often darker in the corolla tube), externally glabrous (tube and base of lobes) and densely pubescent with appressed eglandular trichomes to 0.2 mm long (remainder of lobes), tube 1.5 – 2 mm long, limb actinomorphic, 4 - lobed, lobes ovate-triangular to ovate-elliptic, 2 – 4. 5 mm long, apically entire (or 1 lobe sometimes slightly bifid apically with division to 0.2 mm long), internally lacking eglandular trichomes (at least distally) but sometimes punctate-pitted (proximally). Stamens 4, inserted in distal half of corolla tube near base of lobes, exserted from mouth of corolla tube, oriented symmetrically (i. e., equally distant from one another) around corolla with thecae opening toward central gynoecium, 1.5 – 2 mm long, filaments 0.5 – 0.8 mm long, anthers presented at same height, thecae 1 – 1.2 mm long; pollen prolate spheroidal to euprolate, polar diameter (P) 28 – 41 µm, equatorial diameter (E) 24 – 27 µm, P: E = 1.04 – 1.75. Style not evident, stigma lobes 0.2 mm long. Fruit ovoid to subellipsoid, proximally blackish and distally light brownish when dry, 15 – 24 mm long, 10 – 19 mm across at widest expanse, pubescent with erect to flexuose to antrorse eglandular trichomes to 0.3 mm long (especially when less mature) and scurfy (especially evident when more mature). 2 n = 64, 96 (Dawson 1989).