Hirundo rustica

Breeding regions are Worldwide. Breeding subregions are Eurasia and North America.

Sumber: IOC World Bird List, v

Range Biak, Rani. Status Palearctic migrant. Regular migrant to New Guinea in the boreal winter (Beehler & Pratt 2016). 5 August 1983: JD (unpubl.) noted at least some hirundines in town were this species; 19 January 1997: both species of swallow present (D. Holmes unpubl.); 5 August 2018: three (W. Cook, eBird checklist S 47710412); and 26 September 2019: three (P. Lansley, eBird checklist S 88251212) over the tsunami swamp. 6 August 2015: two on Rani (N. Voaden, eBird checklist S 24512191).

Sumber: The avifauna of Biak Island, Papua, Indonesia with comments on status, conservation, natural history and taxonomy

breeds in medium and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere and migrates during boreal winter to lower latitudes and to the Southern Hemisphere (Turner, 2004). The subspecies H. r. erythrogaster flies from North America to Tierra del Fuego and occurs in large flocks in virtually all of Brazil from September to March (Belton, 1985; Sick, 1997). Although it breeds mainly in the Northern Hemisphere, part of its population has settled in eastern Argentina since the early 1980 ' s (Azpiroz et al., 2012). The number of pairs has since risen and today there are two different breeding populations: one in North America and another more recent one in South America. Genetic testing of the South American population suggested that there is still a significant genetic flow with the North American population (Billerman et al., 2011). The South American population is supposed to molt during austral winter (June, July and August) in northeastern South America (specifically in northern Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana and Venezuela), which are areas that become available as soon as swallows from North America migrate to their breeding areas in the Northern Hemisphere (Garcia-Perez et al., 2013). A recent geolocator study from nine birds has confirmed that the South American population migration goes no further than northern South America in austral winter (Winkler et al., 2017). Recent data corroborates that the species occurs in almost all of Brazil but are centered in the period between September and April (WikiAves, 2016; MPEG). The records of AM are distributed thoughout the year (WikiAves, 2016), probably due to population overlap. It is important to mention that the differentiation within the populations is complicated owing to the occurrence of migratory individuals from both populations.

Sumber: An overview of migratory birds in Brazil

H. rectricibus, exceptis duabus intermediis, macula alba notatis. Fn. svec. 244. Hirundo domestica. Gesn. av. 548. Aldr. orn. l. 17. c. 6. Jonst. av. 115. t. 42. Will. orn. 155. t. 39. Raj. av. 71. n. 1. Alb. av. 1. p. 43. t. 45. Frisch. av. t. 18. f. 1.

Sumber: Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis